A home-made bomb set off the resistance against Indian occupation in Held Kashmir 30 years ago, but “new age” fighters using social media assaults alongside guns are taking the battle to new heights of bitterness.
The explosion at the Srinagar telegraph office doorway on July 31, 1988 caused no casualties but lit the fuse on a conflict that rights groups say has since left more than 70,000 dead.
Public support for the act surprised the attackers and India, which has struggled in the valley ever since it was divided with rival Pakistan in 1947 in the turmoil of independence.
But while Kashmir remains one of the world’s most heavily militarised zones, the 500,000-plus Indian troops in Kashmir are now also fighting a social media war.
Hundreds of young men post images of themselves with AK47 guns on Facebook and other social media sites after joining underground groups, seeking to build large, sympathetic followings and attract new recruits.
When the Indian occupation forces surround freedom fighters’ hideouts, they are often impeded by crowds of civilians rallying to the separatists’ cause, ready to risk their lives in a hail of bullets.
Indian police respond by hauling in people who make pro-freedom social media comments and by blocking mobile internet during demonstrations. Social media sites were blocked for a month last year.
Abdul Ahad Waza, 50, who clandestinely organised some of the first groups to get arms training, said the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), which planted the first bomb, had not expected such support.
“All we wanted was to let the world know that Indian rule of Kashmir was not acceptable,” Waza, who spent 11 years in jail, told AFP. He now lives a quiet life with his wife and two children.
“That explosion in Srinagar quickly turned into an explosion of public support for our cause.”
A case in point is Manan Wani, a PhD scholar who went missing in January having abandoned geology research at an Indian university to join the banned Hizbul Mujahedeen group.
In a recent letter sent to Kashmir media justifying his move, Wani said: “There was a time when the fight was between an armed militant and a thousand Indian troopers but now Indian army has to get through thousands of unarmed freedom fighters before getting the gunman.
For more than a decade after the 1988 bomb, Kashmir convulsed with street protests. An Indian military crackdown left tens of thousands dead, mainly civilians.
Separatists say they want independence or a merger with Pakistan.
The JKLF ended its armed struggle in 1994. But other armed groups with thousands of fighters took their place.
Kashmiris then turned to peaceful self-determination protests that brought hundreds of thousands of people onto the streets between 2008 and 2010. Another 300 civilians were killed as Indian forces countered the protests.
The rebellion seemed to be waning when in July 2016, Indian troops killed a renowned freedom fighter. The death of 23-year-old Burhan Wani, who had built up a big following on social media, acted as a new fuse.
Now Indian troops find entire communities against them, hurling stones at soldiers to help freedom fighters escape.
According to DS Hooda, a retired lieutenant general who served in Kashmir for more than two decades, it is this public anger that is now the real “challenge for the government”.
Civilian killings, and this confrontation, sustain a vicious cycle. Social media is reinforcing hardened views and positions,” Hooda said.
Wani’s death sparked months of protests that left nearly 100 dead and at least 10,000 injured. Some 500 fighters have been killed across the territory since 2016.
A top police officer, who served in Held Kashmir for many years, said it is “infinitely more difficult” for India now than at any time in the past.
“People coming to rescue militants is a huge new development. None of it is planned or orchestrated, it’s all spontaneous,” the former police officer told AFP on condition of anonymity.
The mood on the street is also hardening.
“It feels like we’re back to the ’90s, even worse. What we have seen and what has been done to us, it is now a point of no return,” said Bashir Ahmed, a businessman.
Published in Daily Times, August 1st 2018.
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